> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://cardano-wiki.gitbook.io/cardano/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://cardano-wiki.gitbook.io/cardano/scalability/scalability-contents/taking-a-closer-look-at-iog-research/how-layer-1-and-layer-2-solutions-create-a-faster-and-more-resilient-blockchain.md).

# How Layer 1 and Layer 2 Solutions Create a Faster and More Resilient Blockchain

This only a part of an extensive research post. Follow the links for more details

Previous blog posts delved into the [foundational research](https://www.essentialcardano.io/article/cardanos-foundational-research-overview) that enabled Cardano’s multi-functional ledger support for [expressive smart contracts](https://www.essentialcardano.io/article/overview-of-the-research-enabling-smart-contract-support-on-cardano) and [native assets](https://www.essentialcardano.io/article/research-overview-part-3-tokens-stablecoins-and-fees).

As part of the Basho development phase, Cardano is undergoing steady upgrades and optimizations for increased scalability and interoperability. The ‘[How we are scaling Cardano in 2022](https://iohk.io/en/blog/posts/2022/01/14/how-we-re-scaling-cardano-in-2022/)’ post reflected on Cardano’s scalability goals, and also discussed [interoperability and the role of sidechains](https://iog.io/en/blog/posts/2022/04/28/interoperability-is-key-to-blockchain-growth/). This new post takes a closer look at the research that will enable these gradual enhancements.